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Laser ,Types and Use

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  LASER :-                    LASER is an acronym of  Light Amplification by stimulated emission of Radiation. It is an optical device which produces an intensive beam of highly coherent, Monochromatic light[ Electromagnetic radiation, especially visible radiation, of only one frequency or wavelength]. It can travel over great distance without spread.   LASER LIGHT :-                                   1. It is very different than normal light and contains only one specific wavelength of light.                                 2. A laser light has very tight beam and is very strong and concentrated.                                 3. A laser light can go to the moon and then come back to the earth without any appreciable change in intensity.                                  4. The light released is monochromatic (consists of only one wavelength) and coherent.  LIPS ( LASER Induced Plasma Spectroscopy) :- It is based on plasma formation on temperature basis, the material absorbs all th
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***Rainfall and Artificial Raifall***

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****Mawsynram[INDIA]**** (A village in the state of Meghalaya(one of the seven sisters in north-eastern India) [Based on the data of a recent few decades, it appears to be the wettest place in the world or the place with the highest average annual rainfall.  Mawsynram  receives over 10,000 millimetres of rain in an average year, and the vast majority of the rain it gets falls during the monsoon months.] Reason of Rainfall-                              The major cause of rain production is moisture moving along three-dimensional zones of temperature and moisture contrasts known as  weather fronts . If enough moisture and upward motion are present, precipitation falls from   clouds (those with strong upward vertical motion) such  cumulonimbus   (thunder clouds) which can organize into narrow rainbands . In mountainous areas, heavy precipitation is possible where upslope flow   is maximized within windward  sides of the terrain  at  elevation which forces moist air to co
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Lightning or Thunderbolt and its power

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Lightning and ThunderBolt -  On Earth, the lightning frequency is approximately 44 times per second or nearly 1.4 billion flashes per year  and the average duration is 0.2 seconds made up from many much shorter flashes (strokes) of around 60 to 70 microseconds. Many factors affect the frequency, distribution, strength and physical properties of a typical lightning flash in a particular region of the world. These factors include ground elevation, latitude, prevailing wind currents, relative humidity, proximity to warm and cold bodies of water, etc. Lightning   is a naturally occurring electrostatic discharge during which two electrically charged regions in the atmosphere or ground temporarily equalize themselves, causing the instantaneous release of as much as one Gigajoule of energy. This discharge may produce a wide range of electromagnetic radiation, from very hot plasma created by the rapid movement of electrons to brilliant flashes of visible in the form of black-body r
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Hydrogen Bomb, Thermonuclear weapon or Fusion weapon

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Hydrogen Bomb or Thermo-nuclear Weapon- It is the weapon working on the principle of nuclear fusion . A hydrogen bomb is a second-generation nuclear weapon which is more compact and a lower mass makes it very powerful than the first-generation atomic bomb. NOTE-  The first test of a fission (" atomic ")  bomb  released an amount of energy approximately equal to 20,000 tons of TNT (84 TJ). The first thermonuclear (" hydrogen ")  bomb  test released energy approximately equal to 10 million tons of TNT (42 PJ). - So the Hydrogen bomb is 1000 times powerful than an atomic nuclear fission based weapon. Modern fusion weapons consist essentially of two main components: a nuclear fission  primary stage (fueled by U-235 or Pu-239) and a separate nuclear fusion secondary stage containing thermonuclear fuel: the heavy hydrogen isotopes deuterium(D2O)  and tritium(T2O) , or in modern weapons lithium deuteride(LiH) . For this reason, thermonuclear weapons are often called 
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Nuclear Fusion and the Energy Source of Stars like SUN

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What is Nuclear Fusion? - A reaction in which two or more lighter nuclei fuse to form a heavy nucleus and a large amount of energy is given out is called Nuclear fusion reaction. - Fusion is the process that powers active or main-sequence stars or other high magnitude stars. The Sun is a main-sequence star and thus generated its energy by nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium. In its core, the sun fuses 500 million metric tons of hydrogen each second into Helium. -  It takes considerable energy to force nuclei to fuse, even those of the lightest element, hydrogen.  When accelerated to high enough speeds, nuclei can overcome this electrostatic repulsion and be brought close enough such that the attractive nuclear force  is greater than the repulsive Coulomb force. The strong  grow rapidly once the nuclei are close enough, and the fusing nucleons can essentially "fall" into each other and the result is fusion and net energy produced. The fusion of lighter nuclei, whic
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Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Power Plant

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What is Nuclear Fission? - The reaction in which a heavy nucleus splits into two or more smaller nuclei with the evolution of a large amount of energy is called nuclear fission reaction. - The fission process often produces gamma photons , and release a very large amount of energy. - Nuclear   fission of heavy elements was discovered on December 17, 1938, by German Otto Hahn. - Fission  is a form of nuclear transmutation because the resulting fragments are not the same element as the original atom. - Many types of nuclear reactions  are currently known but Nuclear fission differs importantly from other types of nuclear reactions, in that it can be amplified and sometimes controlled via a nuclear chain reaction  (one type of general chain reaction ). In such a reaction, free neutrons  released by each fission event can trigger yet more events, which in turn release more neutrons and cause more fission. Nuclear Power Plant-   The most important use of nuclear energy is the ge
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Tidal Energy, Wave energy,Ocean and Geo-Thermal energy

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Tidal Energy- Due to the attraction of the moon on sea-water, water surface rises and falls, thus the waves are formed. These waves are called tidal waves and energy possessed by rising and falling water tides is known as tidal energy.  The rise of the sea-water due to gravitational pull of the moon is called high tide whereas the fall of sea-water is called low tide . The tidal waves in the sea build up and recede (rise and fall) twice a day. The enormous movement of water between high tides and low tides provides a very large source of energy in the coastal areas of the world. The tidal energy can be harnessed by constructing a tidal barrage or Tidal dam across a narrow opening to the sea.  At High tide, water flows from the sea into the reservoir and turns the turbine. At low tide, stored water flows out from the reservoir into the sea and turns the turbine. Limitations of the tidal energy-  The rise and fall of water during tides is not high enough to generate electrici
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